α毒素
α毒素来自
梭状芽胞杆菌是β孔形成毒素（β-PFTS）家族的成员，被鉴定为该细菌的主要毒力因子。毒素作为单个多肽，分泌的蛋白质产生。七个毒素单体在哺乳动物细胞膜上寡聚产生环结构的跨膜孔/通道。孔允许K+的外流和Ca+的流入，从而导致渗透细胞裂解和死亡。据估计，这种由C. spicumα毒素产生的亲水孔的直径为1.3-1.6 nm。各种各样的成核哺乳动物细胞，包括IEC-6（EC50 5.8 ng/ml），Vero（EC50 24.3 ng/ml），CHO（EC50 24.3 ng/ml），MDCK（EC50 14.6 ng/ml）和MDBK（EC50 24.3 ng/ml）据报道对这种毒素敏感。由于α毒素与GPI锚定的蛋白质结合，包括几种原生动物寄生虫的表面抗原1（SAG1）和SAG3，因此毒素已被用来了解GPI锚定的蛋白如何合成并通过异常三膜结构进行合成和运输。质膜的细胞，用于GPI锚定生物合成和GPI锚定蛋白运输的分子遗传分析。特别是，发现弓形虫对α毒素非常敏感（EC50 0.2 nm）。α毒素可用于癌症研究中，以筛选和鉴定许多肿瘤抗原，例如癌胚抗原，间皮素，前列腺特异性干细胞抗原和尿激酶纤溶酶原激活剂受体，据报道它们在血浆血浆中也升高 breast, ovarian, kidney, liver and brain cancer patients. Alpha Toxin has been used to capture these reporter antigens, some of which have been identified by mass spectrometric analysis, which is useful for screening and detecting these tumor antigens as well as finding new biomarkers/targets for various cancers. Alpha Toxin can be used to develop immunoassays. As Alpha Toxin has been reported to be an immune dominant extracellular antigen, inactive toxin/toxoid, therefore, can be used to develop effective vaccines against C. septicum mediated diseases. Purified Alpha Toxin can also be used to understand the disease progression and in pharmacokinetic studies in animal models. C.
篮子在列表实验室产生的α毒素是一种在大肠杆菌中表达的重组蛋白，高度纯化为约50 kDa蛋白的促毒素。促毒素已被胰蛋白酶激活，该胰蛋白酶在C-末端（KRRGKR398SVD）的第45个氨基酸残基之前被刻入。
- 产品＃116来自C的α毒素。篮子提供在含有MES缓冲液的20％甘油中冷冻的
Epsilon毒素
Epsilon毒素由灌注梭状芽胞杆菌的毒素B和D菌株分泌。Epsilon毒素属于七聚体β孔形成毒素家族，其中包括Aerolysin和C. sevsicum alpha毒素。Epsilon毒素被合成为单个分泌的，〜33 kDa蛋白，活性不佳，被称为原始毒素。蜂巢梭状芽胞杆菌产生或存在于宿主管腔中产生的蛋白酶，将原始毒素转化为减小的大小（〜28.6 kDa）活性epsilon毒素，从而使毒素将其低聚至其七聚体β-桶形形式。激活将PI值从8.02显着降低到5.36，很可能会产生构象变化。然而，尚未鉴定出Epsilon毒素受体，但已提议在膜上与髓磷脂和淋巴细胞蛋白（MAL）相关的脂质筏被认为是Epsilon毒素的受体。艾氏毒素比Aerolysin和C. spisicumα毒素更有效（100倍）。Epsilon毒素被归类为具有恶意潜力的B类生物威胁剂。在这方面，主动/非活性/突变的Epsilon毒素具有疫苗开发和生物固定研究的潜力。高浓度的Epsilon毒素会诱导肠粘膜的渗透性增加，介导毒素进入血液中，特别是在肾脏和大脑中传播和积累。 Epsilon Toxin efficiently increases the vascular permeability of rat mesentery microvessels or skin vessels after intradermal injection. In the kidney, Epsilon Toxin causes interstitial hemorrhage between tubules and degeneration of proximal and distal epithelium suggesting that kidney is one of the target organs for epsilon toxin. The toxin is able to alter the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) resulting in prominent lesions consisting of perivascular edema described in mice, rats, sheep and calves, which in the acute state, develop foci of necrosis and hemmorhage. A direct and rapid Epsilon Toxin effect in the brain involves the stimulation of glutamate release from glutametargic neurons abundant in the CNS, which is probably the main cause of the neurological symptoms of excitation (convulsions) observed in Epsilon Toxin dependant enterotoxemia in sheep. Epsilon Toxin has also been shown to induce the release of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine. In that respect, Epsilon Toxin can be used as a reagent to stimulate glutametargic neurons where many bacterial neurotoxins inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. Epsilon Toxin has also been reported to be used as delivery vehicle to facilitate the transport of drugs through the BBB for the treatment of experimental malignant brain tumors in mice. There is a growing body of evidence that indicates Epsilon Toxin may be a potential trigger for human multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) and demyelination of the myelin sheath that insulates the neurons. Epsilon Toxin is known to bind and kill the brain’s endothelium cells and oligodendrocytes (myelin producing cells), the same cells that die in MS lesions. Epsilon Toxin has been found to bind to the retinal vasculature and kill meningeal cells; meningeal inflammation and subpial cortical lesions are known pathologies associated with MS. These findings are very important for future MS research, and epsilon toxin will be a valuable reagent and tool to understand the pathophysiology of MS. Active Epsilon Toxin is highly purified from native C. perfringens.
- 产品＃126在PBS缓冲液中提供了来自灌注梭状芽胞杆菌的Epsilon毒素。
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