α毒素
毒素来自
坏疽毒素梭状芽胞杆菌是β孔形成毒素(β-PFTs)家族的成员，并被确定为该细菌的主要毒力因子。这种毒素是一种单一的多肽分泌蛋白。七种毒素单体在哺乳动物细胞膜上寡聚，形成环状结构的跨膜孔/通道。孔隙允许K+流出和Ca+流入，导致渗透细胞裂解和死亡。这种由C. septicum Alpha毒素产生的亲水孔直径估计为1.3-1.6 nm。据报道，多种有核哺乳动物细胞，包括IEC-6 (EC50 5.8 ng/ml)、Vero (EC50 24.3 ng/ml)、CHO (EC50 24.3 ng/ml)、MDCK (EC50 14.6 ng/ml)和MDBK (EC50 24.3 ng/ml)对该毒素敏感。由于Alpha毒素与gpi -锚定蛋白结合，包括几种原生动物寄生虫的表面抗原1 (SAG1)和SAG3，该毒素已被用于了解gpi -锚定蛋白是如何合成的，并通过寄生虫膜的不寻常三膜结构运输到质膜，用于gpi -锚定生物合成的分子遗传分析，以及gpi -锚定蛋白的运输。特别是刚地弓形虫被发现对α毒素(EC50 0.2 nM)非常敏感。Alpha毒素可用于癌症研究，用于筛选和鉴定多种肿瘤抗原，如癌胚抗原、间皮素、前列腺特异性干细胞抗原、尿激酶纤溶酶原激活物受体等，据报道，这些抗原在乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肾癌、肝癌和脑癌患者血浆中也有升高。α毒素已被用于捕获这些报告抗原，其中一些已被质谱分析识别，这对于筛选和检测这些肿瘤抗原以及发现各种癌症的新的生物标志物/靶点非常有用。 Alpha Toxin can be used to develop immunoassays. As Alpha Toxin has been reported to be an immune dominant extracellular antigen, inactive toxin/toxoid, therefore, can be used to develop effective vaccines against C. septicum mediated diseases. Purified Alpha Toxin can also be used to understand the disease progression and in pharmacokinetic studies in animal models. C.
坏疽毒素在List实验室生产的Alpha毒素是一种在大肠杆菌中表达的重组蛋白，高度纯化为约50 kDa的原毒素蛋白。原毒素被胰蛋白酶激活，胰蛋白酶在c端第45个氨基酸残基(KRRGKR398SVD)之前裂解。
- 产品# 116来自C。坏疽毒素在含有20%甘油的MES缓冲液中冷冻
ε毒素
Epsilon毒素由产气荚膜梭菌B型和D型毒素菌株分泌。Epsilon毒素属于七聚β-成孔毒素家族，包括气溶素和C. septicum Alpha毒素。Epsilon毒素被合成为单一的，分泌的，~33 kDa的蛋白质，活性差，被称为原毒素。产气荚膜梭菌产生的蛋白酶或宿主腔内存在的蛋白酶将原毒素转化为减小尺寸(~28.6 kDa)的活性Epsilon毒素，使毒素寡聚为七聚β-桶形式。活化显著降低pI值从8.02到5.36，最有可能产生构象变化。Epsilon毒素受体尚未被确定，但膜上与髓鞘和淋巴细胞蛋白(MAL)相关的脂筏被认为是Epsilon毒素的受体。Epsilon毒素比空气溶解素和C. septicum Alpha毒素更有效(100倍)。爱扑塞隆毒素被归类为B类生物威胁剂，具有潜在的恶意。在这方面，活性/非活性/突变的ε毒素在疫苗开发和生物防御研究中具有潜力。高浓度的Epsilon毒素可引起肠粘膜渗透性的增加，介导毒素进入血液，特别是在肾脏和大脑中扩散和积累。 Epsilon Toxin efficiently increases the vascular permeability of rat mesentery microvessels or skin vessels after intradermal injection. In the kidney, Epsilon Toxin causes interstitial hemorrhage between tubules and degeneration of proximal and distal epithelium suggesting that kidney is one of the target organs for epsilon toxin. The toxin is able to alter the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) resulting in prominent lesions consisting of perivascular edema described in mice, rats, sheep and calves, which in the acute state, develop foci of necrosis and hemmorhage. A direct and rapid Epsilon Toxin effect in the brain involves the stimulation of glutamate release from glutametargic neurons abundant in the CNS, which is probably the main cause of the neurological symptoms of excitation (convulsions) observed in Epsilon Toxin dependant enterotoxemia in sheep. Epsilon Toxin has also been shown to induce the release of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine. In that respect, Epsilon Toxin can be used as a reagent to stimulate glutametargic neurons where many bacterial neurotoxins inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. Epsilon Toxin has also been reported to be used as delivery vehicle to facilitate the transport of drugs through the BBB for the treatment of experimental malignant brain tumors in mice. There is a growing body of evidence that indicates Epsilon Toxin may be a potential trigger for human multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) and demyelination of the myelin sheath that insulates the neurons. Epsilon Toxin is known to bind and kill the brain’s endothelium cells and oligodendrocytes (myelin producing cells), the same cells that die in MS lesions. Epsilon Toxin has been found to bind to the retinal vasculature and kill meningeal cells; meningeal inflammation and subpial cortical lesions are known pathologies associated with MS. These findings are very important for future MS research, and epsilon toxin will be a valuable reagent and tool to understand the pathophysiology of MS. Active Epsilon Toxin is highly purified from native C. perfringens.
- 产品# 126产气荚膜梭菌的Epsilon毒素在PBS缓冲液中冻干。
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